????, ???? ??????? ????? tk

???? ???????? ¶

???? ???????????????

????????? ?? ??????

forward() | fd()

backward() | bk() | back()

right() | rt()

left() | lt()

goto() | setpos() | setposition()

setx()

sety()

setheading() | seth()

????

circle()

dot()

stamp()

clearstamp()

clearstamps()

undo()

speed()

?????????? ???? ? ??????

position() | pos()

towards()

xcor()

ycor()

heading()

distance()

?????????? ?? ?????????

degrees()

radians()

???? ????????????

????????? ??????

pendown() | pd() | down()

penup() | pu() | up()

pensize() | width()

pen()

isdown()

Color control

color()

pencolor()

fillcolor()

??????

filling()

begin_fill()

end_fill()

More ? ???????????????

reset()

clear()

write()

????, ???????

???????????????

showturtle() | st()

hideturtle() | ht()

isvisible()

?????????

shape()

resizemode()

shapesize() | turtlesize()

settiltangle()

tiltangle()

tilt()

???????????? ?????????????

onclick()

onrelease()

ondrag()

?????? ???? ????????

begin_poly()

end_poly()

get_poly()

clone()

getturtle() | getpen()

getscreen()

setundobuffer()

undobufferentries()

???????? TurtleScreen ????? ?????? ¶

Window ????????????

bgcolor()

bgpic()

clear() | clearscreen()

reset() | resetscreen()

screensize()

setworldcoordinates()

?????????????? ????????????

delay()

tracer()

update()

???????????? ?????? ?????????????

listen()

onkey()

onclick() | onscreenclick()

ontimer()

?????????? ?? ?????? ????????

mode()

colormode()

getcanvas()

getshapes()

register_shape() | addshape()

turtles()

window_height()

window_width()

???????? ?????? ? ???????

bye()

exitonclick()

setup()

title()

???? ??????????????? ¶

turtle.forward(distance)¶

turtle.fd(distance)¶

Parameter:	distance – a number (integer or float)

????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????????, ??? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?.

>>> turtle.position()

(0.00, 0.00)

>>> turtle.forward(25)

>>> turtle.position()

(25.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.forward(-75)

>>> turtle.position()

(-50.00,0.00)

turtle.back(distance)¶

turtle.bk(distance)¶

turtle.backward(distance)¶

Parameter:	distance – a number

????????? ??? ??, ??? ????????????? ???, ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?. ?? ????? ???? ? ??????????.

>>> turtle.position()

(0.00, 0.00)

>>> turtle.backward(30)

>>> turtle.position()

(-30.00, 0.00)

turtle.right(angle)¶

turtle.rt(angle)¶

Parameter:	angle – a number (integer or float)

???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????????. (?????????? ?? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????????? (????? ?????????) ?? radians (????? ?????????) ??????????????.) ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????????, ??? ????? (????? ?????????).

>>> turtle.heading()

22.0

>>> turtle.right(45)

>>> turtle.heading()

337.0

turtle.left(angle)¶

turtle.lt(angle)¶

Parameter:	angle – a number (integer or float)

???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????????. (?????????? ?? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????????? (????? ?????????) ?? radians (????? ?????????) ??????????????.) ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????????, ??? ????? (????? ?????????).

>>> turtle.heading()

22.0

>>> turtle.left(45)

>>> turtle.heading()

67.0

turtle.goto(x, y=None)¶

turtle.setpos(x, y=None)¶

turtle.setposition(x, y=None)¶

Parameters:	x ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ? ????? y – ? ?????? ??? None

??? ??y ?? ?? ??, x ???? ? ???? ????? ????????????? ??? Vec2D (?????? ? ??????????? ??????????? (????? ?????????).)

????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????: ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ???. ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????????????:

>>> tp = turtle.pos()

>>> tp

(0.00, 0.00)

>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)

>>> turtle.pos()

(60.00,30.00)

>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))

>>> turtle.pos()

(20.00,80.00)

>>> turtle.setpos(tp)

>>> turtle.pos()

(0.00,0.00)

turtle.setx(x)¶

Parameter:	x – ? ?????? (??? ?? ???)

????????, ?? ??? ?????? ???????????? ? x, ???????, ??????? ??????????? ? ???????:

>>> turtle.position()

(0.00, 240.00)

>>> turtle.setx(10)

>>> turtle.position()

(10.00, 240.00)

turtle.sety(y)¶

Parameter:	y – ? ?????? (??? ?? ???)

????????, ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? y, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????:

>>> turtle.position()

(0.00, 40.00)

>>> turtle.sety(-10)

>>> turtle.position()

(0.00, -10.00)

turtle.setheading(to_angle)¶

turtle.seth(to_angle)¶

Parameter:	to_angle – ? ?????? (??? ?? ???)

???????? ????????????? ???? ? to_angle. ??? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ???????????:

???????? ?????	logo ?????
0 – ???????	0 – ???????
90 – ???????	90 – ???????
180 – ?????????	180 – ?????
270 – ?????	270 – ?????????

>>> turtle.setheading(90)

>>> turtle.heading()

90

turtle.home()¶

????????? ??? ? ??????, ????????????? (0,0) ?? ???????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???????????? (??? ?????? ? ????????, ??? ?????? (?).

turtle.circle(radius, extent=None, steps=None)¶

Parameters:	????????, ?? ???? ??????? – ? ?????? (??? None) ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ? (??? None)

???????? ?? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ???????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????, ???????-? ??????? – ??????? ?, ??? ??? ? ????????? ? ????????????. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??? ????????? ? ???? ? ???????? ???? ????????????. ???????? ???? ? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?, ??? ???? ? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????. ???????? ??????????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?????.

?????? ???????? ? approximated ?????? inscribed ???????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????????: ??? ???? ????, ??? ??????????? ? ????????????. ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? polygons.

>>> turtle.circle(50)

>>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # draw a semicircle

turtle.dot(size=None, *color)¶

Parameters:	????, ??? ?????? ???> = 1 (??? ?????) ?????, ?? colorstring ??? ?????? ?????? tuple

???????? ????????? dot ??? ????????? ??????, ???????????? ??????: ??? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ????????????? pensize+4 ?? 2 * pensize ????????????.

>>> turtle.dot()

>>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)

turtle.stamp()¶

????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????????. ??????????? ??? stamp_id ??? ?????, ??? ????? ? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? clearstamp (stamp_id).

>>> turtle.color("blue")

>>> turtle.stamp()

13

>>> turtle.fd(50)

turtle.clearstamp(stampid)¶

Parameter:	stampid – ? ??? ???? ? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? () ????

????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? stampid.

>>> turtle.color("blue")

>>> astamp = turtle.stamp()

>>> turtle.fd(50)

>>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)

turtle.clearstamps(n=None)¶

Parameter:	n – ? ??? (??? None)

????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????????. ??? ??n – ? ?? ??, ????? ????? ????????, ??? n> 0 ????? ?????? ????? ???????????, ?????: ??? n <0 ????? ?????? n ???????????:

>>> for i in range(8):

...  turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)

>>> turtle.clearstamps(2)

>>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)

>>> turtle.clearstamps()

turtle.undo()¶

?????????? (???????) ?????? ???? ?????????????? (???). ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????????????????? ???????? ? ???? ??? undobuffer.

>>> for i in range(4):

...  turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)

...

>>> for i in range(8):

...  turtle.undo()

turtle.speed(speed=None)¶

Parameter:	???????????, ??? ?????? ??? ?: ??????????? 0.. 10 ??? ?? speedstring (??? ??????)

????????, ?? ???? ? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???: ??????????? 0.. 10. ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??????, ???????? ???????? ???????????.

??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?, ??? 10 ??? ????? ???? ?, ??? 0.5, ????????????, ??? ????????? ? 0 – Speedstrings ?? mapped ? speedvalues ???? ???????? ????.

• «?????????": 0
• "????": 10
• «??????»: 6
• «??????»: 3
• «Slowest»: 1

??????????????? 1 – ?? 10 – ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ???????.

????????????? ???????????? = 0 ????????? ?, ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ? ????????. ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ?? ???????? ??? ????Right ??????? ???? ??????, ???????????.

>>> turtle.speed(3)

?????????? ???? ? ?????? ¶

turtle.position()¶

turtle.pos()¶

???????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ????? (x, y) (????? Vec2D ???????).

>>> turtle.pos()

(0.00, 240.00)

turtle.towards(x, y=None)¶

Parameters:	x ?? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? y – ?? ????, ??? x ? ??????, ????? ?? ??

???????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? (x, y), ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ?? ?????? ? ???? ? ???????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ? ???????? "????????""???????" ??? "logo").

>>> turtle.pos()

(10.00, 10.00)

>>> turtle.towards(0,0)

225.0

turtle.xcor()¶

???????? ? ??? ?? ????????????? X ???????????.

>>> reset()

>>> turtle.left(60)

>>> turtle.forward(100)

>>> print turtle.xcor()

50.0

turtle.ycor()¶

???????? ? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????.

>>> reset()

>>> turtle.left(60)

>>> turtle.forward(100)

>>> print turtle.ycor()

86.6025403784

turtle.heading()¶

???????? ? ??? ????? ?????????? (?????? ?????? ? ???? ????????, ??? ?????? (?).

>>> turtle.left(67)

>>> turtle.heading()

67.0

turtle.distance(x, y=None)¶

Parameters:	x ?? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? y – ?? ????, ??? x ? ??????, ????? ?? ??

??????????? ????????????? ??? ? ??? ???? (x, y) ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?, ???? ???? ???????????.

>>> turtle.pos()

(0.00, 0.00)

>>> turtle.distance(30,40)

50.0

>>> joe = Turtle()

>>> joe.forward(77)

>>> turtle.distance(joe)

77.0

?????????? ?????? ¶

turtle.degrees(fullcircle=360.0)¶

Parameter:	fullcircle ?? ????

???????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????? `????? ???? ??" ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????. Default ?????? 360 ???????.

>>> turtle.left(90)

>>> turtle.heading()

90

>>> turtle.degrees(400.0) # angle measurement in gon

>>> turtle.heading()

100

turtle.radians()¶

???????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ? radians. ???????? ????????? (2 * math.pi).

>>> turtle.heading()

90

>>> turtle.radians()

>>> turtle.heading()

1.5707963267948966

???? ???????????? ¶

???? ??????? ??¶

???????????? ????????????? ¶

turtle.onclick(fun, btn=1, add=None)¶

Parameters:	fun – ? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????????????, ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? NUM – ???? ?????? ??????, – ????????? ? 1 (??? ????? ????) add – True ??? ????. – ??? ?????? ?, ??? ??? ????? ?, ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????????

???????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????. ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????: ?????? ??????? ????, ???????, ?????????????? ?????????:

>>> def turn(x, y):

...  left(180)

...

>>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.

>>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed

turtle.onrelease(fun, btn=1, add=None)¶

Parameters:	fun – ? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????????????, ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? NUM – ???? ?????? ??????, – ????????? ? 1 (??? ????? ????) add – True ??? ????. – ??? ?????? ?, ??? ??? ????? ?, ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????????

???????? ??????? ? ???? – ??????, ?????????? ????????????? ????. ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????:

>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):

...  def glow(self,x,y):

...  self.fillcolor("red")

...  def unglow(self,x,y):

...  self.fillcolor("")

...

>>> turtle = MyTurtle()

>>> turtle.onclick(turtle.glow) # clicking on turtle turns fillcolor red,

>>> turtle.onrelease(turtle.unglow) # releasing turns it to transparent.

turtle.ondrag(fun, btn=1, add=None)¶

Parameters:	fun – ? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????????????, ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? NUM – ???? ?????? ??????, – ????????? ? 1 (??? ????? ????) add – True ??? ????. – ??? ?????? ?, ??? ??? ????? ?, ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????????

???????? ??????? ?, ????, ?????????? ????????????? ????. ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????:

???????????? ????: ???? ?????????????????? ????, ??????????-? ??????????????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?, ????????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????.

>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)

# Subsequently, clicking and dragging the Turtle will move it across

# the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is down).

?????? ???? ???????? ¶

turtle.begin_poly()¶

????? ??????????? ? vertices ?? ???????. ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? vertex ? ???????.

turtle.end_poly()¶

?????????? ??????????? ? vertices ?? ???????. ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? vertex ? ???????. ?? ????? ? ??????, ?????? vertex.

turtle.get_poly()¶

?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????.

>>> p = turtle.get_poly()

>>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)

turtle.clone()¶

??????? ?? ??????????? ? ?? clone ? ???? ??? ????? ???????, ?????????? ?? ???? ???????????????.

>>> mick = Turtle()

>>> joe = mick.clone()

turtle.getturtle()¶

??????????? ???? ??????? ????. ????? ??????? ????????????: ????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ? ??????? ??? »:

>>> pet = getturtle()

>>> pet.fd(50)

>>> pet

<turtle.Turtle object at 0x01417350>

>>> turtles()

[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x01417350>]

turtle.getscreen()¶

??????????? TurtleScreen ?????? ? ???? ?, ????????????: TurtleScreen ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????.

>>> ts = turtle.getscreen()

>>> ts

<turtle.Screen object at 0x01417710>

>>> ts.bgcolor("pink")

turtle.setundobuffer(size)¶

Parameter:	????, ??? ?????? ??? ? ??? None

???????? ??? ??????? undobuffer. ??? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? undobuffer ????? ?????? ? ????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????????????????, ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? () ???????????????????: ??? ?????? None, ?? undobuffer ? ???????? ?:

>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)

turtle.undobufferentries()¶

???????? ???? ???????? ??? undobuffer.

>>> while undobufferentries():

...  undo()

???????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ¶

???????? ????????? ???? ??????????, ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? polygons ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????:

1. ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? "????????????? ?.

2. ????????? ??? ????????????????: ??? ????????, ????? ??????? ???????????? addcomponent (????? ?????????) ????????:

   ?????? `

   >>> s = Shape("compound")
   
   >>> poly1 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
   
   >>> s.addcomponent(poly1, "red", "blue")
   
   >>> poly2 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(-10,-5))
   
   >>> s.addcomponent(poly2, "blue", "red")
   

3. ???? ????????? ????????? ? ?????? ? shapelist ?? ??? ??????????:

   >>> register_shape("myshape", s)
   
   >>> shape("myshape")
   

Window ???????????? ¶

turtle.bgcolor(*args)¶

Parameter:	args-a string ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? 0.. colormode ??? 3-tuple ??????? ????????

????????, ?? ???????????? ???? ?????? ? TurtleScreen.

>>> screen.bgcolor("orange")

>>> screen.bgcolor()

"orange"

>>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)

>>> screen.bgcolor()

"#800080"

turtle.bgpic(picname=None)¶

Parameter:	picname-a string, ????? ??? GIF, ? ???? ??? nopic », ??? None

???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? backgroundimage. ??? ??picname ? ????? ??????, ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????. ??? ??picname ? «nopic" ????? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????. ??? ??picname ?? ?? ??, ???????? ????? ??????, ??????? backgroundimage.

>>> screen.bgpic()

"nopic"

>>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif")

>>> screen.bgpic()

"landscape.gif"

turtle.clear()

turtle.clearscreen()¶

????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? turtles ?? TurtleScreen. ??????????? ? ????? ?????? TurtleScreen ? ?? ???????? ???????: ???????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????.

?????

??? TurtleScreen ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? clearscreen. ????????????? ??????????? ???? ?, ?????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?.

turtle.reset()

turtle.resetscreen()¶

?????????? ????? Turtles ??????? ????? ????????? ????????.

?????

??? TurtleScreen ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? resetscreen. ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ? ??? ???????? ????????????

turtle.screensize(canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None)¶

Parameters:	canvwidth – ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ???????????? ???? ? ?????? canvheight – ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ????????????? ???? ? ?????? BG-colorstring ??? ????????-tupel, ??? ????? ????? ??????

??? ????????????? ??, ???????? ??????? (canvaswidth, canvasheight). Else resize, ?????, ?? turtles ?? ????????: ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????????: ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????, ?????????? scrollbars. ??? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ????.

>>> turtle.screensize(2000,1500)

# e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)

turtle.setworldcoordinates(llx, lly, urx, ury)¶

Parameters:	llx – ? ??????, x-??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? lly – ? ??????, y-??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? urx – ? ??????, x-??????????? ? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ury ?? ????, y-??????????? ? ????? ?? ?????????? ????

??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? », ??? ????????? ?. ?? ???????? ? screen.reset (): ??? ???????, «???????» ????? ?????, ????? ??????? ?? redrawn ???????? ??? ?????????????.

????????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????????.

>>> screen.reset()

>>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-50,-7.5,50,7.5)

>>> for _ in range(72):

...  left(10)

...

>>> for _ in range(8):

...  left(45); fd(2) # a regular octagon

?????????????? ???????????? ¶

turtle.delay(delay=None)¶

Parameter:	????????, ?????? ?????? ???

????????, ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? milliseconds. (?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????) ????? ????? the drawing ?????????, ??? ???????????? ?????????.

????????? ???????:

>>> screen.delay(15)

>>> screen.delay()

15

turtle.tracer(n=None, delay=None)¶

Parameters:	n – nonnegative ?????? ??? ????????? – nonnegative ?????? ???

???? ??? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ?, ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??n ??????, ????? ???? ? n-?? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????: (?????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????) ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? (??? ????????? (????? ?????????)).

>>> screen.tracer(8, 25)

>>> dist = 2

>>> for i in range(200):

...  fd(dist)

...  rt(90)

...  dist += 2

turtle.update()¶

??????? ? TurtleScreen ?????????: ??????????, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ? ???????.

??? ???? RawTurtle???? ???????? ??????????? (????? ?????????).

???????????? ?????? ????????????? ¶

turtle.listen(xdummy=None, ydummy=None)¶

???????? ??????????? TurtleScreen (???????? ??????? ?????????????): ???? ??????????? ??, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? () ? onclick ???????.

turtle.onkey(fun, key)¶

Parameters:	fun – ? ?????????, ????? ??????, ??? ???? Key-? string: ?????? (??????, «?») ??? ??????? ?????????? ? (??????, «??????????»)

???????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???????? ?? ?? ??, ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????: ????????????? `??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????, TurtleScreen ???? ? ?????????????. (??? ????? ???? ())

>>> def f():

...  fd(50)

...  lt(60)

...

>>> screen.onkey(f, "Up")

>>> screen.listen()

turtle.onclick(fun, btn=1, add=None)

turtle.onscreenclick(fun, btn=1, add=None)¶

Parameters:	fun – ? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????????????, ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? NUM – ???? ?????? ??????, – ????????? ? 1 (??? ????? ????) add – True ??? ????. – ??? ?????? ?, ??? ??? ????? ?, ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????????

???????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????. ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????:

?????? ?? TurtleScreen ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????:

>>> screen.onclick(turtle.goto)

# Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will

# make the turtle move to the clicked point.

>>> screen.onclick(None) # remove event binding again

?????

??? TurtleScreen ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? onscreenclick. ????????????? ??????????? onclick ??? ??? ??? ???????? ? ??? ???????? onclick.

turtle.ontimer(fun, t=0)¶

Parameters:	fun – ? ?????????, ????? ??????????? t-?? ????> = 0

???????? ??????? ?, ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? milliseconds.

>>> running = True

>>> def f():

 if running:

 fd(50)

 lt(60)

 screen.ontimer(f, 250)

>>> f() ### makes the turtle marching around

>>> running = False

?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ¶

turtle.mode(mode=None)¶

Parameter:	????? – ???? ?????? «????????», «logo" ??? "???????"

???????? ???? ?????? («????????», «logo» ??? «???????») ?? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????, ??????? ????? ? ??????????:

???????? «????????» – ? ?????????? ??? ????. ???????? «logo» – ? ?????????? ? ????? ????????? YerkirmediaTV ???? graphics ?????: ???????? «???????» ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? «?????????? ???????????»: ?????????????: ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ?, ??? xy ???????-?????????????????? ?? ??????? 1.

?????	????????? ???? ????	?????? ???????????
"????????"	?? (???????)	?????????? ????? ??????? ???????????
"Logo"	??? (???????)	?????????? ????? ???????????

>>> mode("logo") # resets turtle heading to north

>>> mode()

"logo"

turtle.colormode(cmode=None)¶

Parameter:	cmode ???? ????????? 1.0, ??? 255

??????????? colormode ??? ??? ??1.0 ??? 255. ?????????? r, ?, ? ????????? ???????? triples ???? ? ????: ??????????? 0.. cmode.

>>> screen.colormode()

1.0

>>> screen.colormode(255)

>>> turtle.pencolor(240,160,80)

turtle.getcanvas()¶

??????????? ????? ??? TurtleScreen. ??????? insiders, ????? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ?? Tkinter ????.

>>> cv = screen.getcanvas()

>>> cv

<turtle.ScrolledCanvas instance at 0x010742D8>

turtle.getshapes()¶

???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????????.

>>> screen.getshapes()

["arrow", "blank", "circle",..., "turtle"]

turtle.register_shape(name, shape=None)¶

turtle.addshape(name, shape=None)¶

???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????????:

1. ?????? ? ?????? ?? GIF, ?? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ??: ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????.

   ?????

   ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????, ??? ??????? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ? ???.

2. ????? ? ????????? string ?? ???? ??????????? ? tuple ????? ?????????????: ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????.

3. ????? ? ????????? string ?? ??? ?? (????) ???? ??????: ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????.

????????? ???? ????????? ? TurtleScreen ? shapelist. ????? thusly ???????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? (shapename).

>>> screen.register_shape("turtle.gif")

>>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3), (0,5), (-5,-3)))

turtle.turtles()¶

???????? ????? turtles ?????????? ???????.

>>> for turtle in screen.turtles()

...  turtle.color("red")

turtle.window_height()¶

???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????????

>>> screen.window_height()

480

turtle.window_width()¶

??????????? ???????????? ? ???? ??????????

>>> screen.window_width()

640

???????? ?????? ?? ???????, ?? ?? ???????? TurtleScreen ¶

turtle.bye()¶

????? ?? turtlegraphics ?????????:

turtle.exitonclick()¶

???????? bye () ????? ? ???? ?????????? ???????.

??? ???????? "using_IDLE» – ? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???? (???????? ??????), ???????? ?????? mainloop. ???????????? ????: ??? idle ??? - ? ??? (no subprocess) ???????????? ?, ??? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ? turtle.cfg. ??? ??????? ????? ??????? mainloop ????? ? ???? ???????????? ????????.

turtle.setup(width=_CFG[, "width"], height=_CFG[, "height"], startx=_CFG[, "leftright"], starty=_CFG[, "topbottom"])¶

???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? dicionary ?? ????? ? ???????? ??????? turtle.cfg ?????.

Parameters:

???????????? `??? ?????? ??? ?, ???? ??? ??????, ??? ???, ?? ???? ???????. default` 50% – ?, ?????? ?????????????, ??? ?????? ??? ?, ????????????? ?????? ?, ??? ?? ???, ?? ???? ???????, default-? 75% – ?, ?????? startx – ??? ??????, ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ????????? ? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? startx – ??? ??????, ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ????????? ? ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ????, ??????? ???????? ??????????

>>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0)

# sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen

>>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None)

# sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers

turtle.title(titlestring)¶

Parameter:	titlestring-a string, ??? ????? ? ????? titlebar ? ???? ???????? ???????????

???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? titlestring.

>>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle zoo!")

?????? ?????? ????????? ¶

??????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? docstrings. ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????-? ????????? ??????? Python – ????? ??????????????????:

• ???????? idle, tooltips ????? ?????????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? docstrings ? ????? ? function-/method ???????.

• ??????????? ??????????? (????? ?????????) ??? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ? docstrings:

  >>> help(Screen.bgcolor)
  
  Help on method bgcolor in module turtle:
  
  bgcolor(self, *args) unbound turtle.Screen method
  
   Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
  
   Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
  
   in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.
  
   >>> screen.bgcolor("orange")
  
   >>> screen.bgcolor()
  
   "orange"
  
   >>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
  
   >>> screen.bgcolor()
  
   "#800080"
  
  >>> help(Turtle.penup)
  
  Help on method penup in module turtle:
  
  penup(self) unbound turtle.Turtle method
  
   Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
  
   Aliases: penup | pu | up
  
   No argument
  
   >>> turtle.penup()
  

• ??? docstrings ?? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??, ? ???????? ???????? ??????? `

  >>> help(bgcolor)
  
  Help on function bgcolor in module turtle:
  
  bgcolor(*args)
  
   Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
  
   Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
  
   in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.
  
   Example::
  
   >>> bgcolor("orange")
  
   >>> bgcolor()
  
   "orange"
  
   >>> bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
  
   >>> bgcolor()
  
   "#800080"
  
  >>> help(penup)
  
  Help on function penup in module turtle:
  
  penup()
  
   Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
  
   Aliases: penup | pu | up
  
   No argument
  
   Example:
  
   >>> penup()
  

??? ?????????? docstrings ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????????, ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????:

?????????????? docstrings ?????? ?????????? ¶

?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????????, ????? ?? docstrings ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????.

turtle.write_docstringdict(filename="turtle_docstringdict")¶

Parameter:	?????-a string, ????? ????? ????????????

??????? ?? ???? docstring-? ??????? ?? python ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????: ??? ????????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? (??? ?? ???????????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????). The docstring ??????? ????? ???? ?????? python ????? ????????? ????? ????????????: PY. ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??????? docstrings ??? ?????? ??????????.

??? ?????? (??? ??? ???????????), ????????? ? ?????????? ???, ?????? ???? ?? – ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????, ???? ???? ? ????????? ??? docstrings ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? turtle_docstringdict_german.py.

??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??? turtle.cfg ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? docstrings.

????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? docstring ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????. (Requests ??????? ??? glingl ????????????????? aon - ??):

?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? Turtles ¶

The ???????????? default ????????????? mimics ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????????????? ??? ???.

??? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????????, ??? ????? ??? ? ?????????? ??? ????????????: ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ??????????????? ??? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????????, ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? turtle.cfg ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????????????? ?????????????, ??? ??? ????????:

??? ????????? ? ????????????????, ?? ??????????????? ?? ???????? turtle.cfg:

width = 0.5

height = 0.75

leftright = None

topbottom = None

canvwidth = 400

canvheight = 300

mode = standard

colormode = 1.0

delay = 10

undobuffersize = 1000

shape = classic

pencolor = black

fillcolor = black

resizemode = noresize

visible = True

language = english

exampleturtle = turtle

examplescreen = screen

title = Python Turtle Graphics

using_IDLE = False

???? ?????????????? ??????? ????????:

• ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? Screen.setup () ???????.
• Line 5 ?? 6 ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? Screen.screensize ():
• ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ???, ???? ?? ????: ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????? (????).
• ??? ??????????? ?? ??????????, ?? fillcolor (??????? ??????? ???????? ????), ???? ???? ? ???? fillcolor = "" (?????? ????? nonempty strings ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? cfg-? ????):
• ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ? ?????????? resizemode = ????.
• ??? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? = ???????? ? docstringdict turtle_docstringdict_italian.py ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????, ??? ???? ? ?????????? ??????????, ??????, ????? ?????????????? ????? ????.
• ??? ???????????? exampleturtle ?? examplescreen ????????? ?????????, ??? ????????????, ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? docstrings. The ??????????? ??????-? docstrings ????????-? docstrings ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? docstrings.
• using_IDLE: ????????, ?? ?? ???? ?, ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???-n (??? «?? subprocess»): ?? ???????? exitonclick (????? ?????????) ????? mainloop.

?????? ????? ? ????? turtle.cfg ???? ????????????, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ? ??????? ???????????? ????????????. ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????.

The Demo???? ?????????? ??????????? ? turtle.cfg ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ????????????, ??? ????? ? ???? ???????????? (??????? ? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????-?):